Test3: Difference between revisions

Title	test3
Author(s)	Neeraja
Platform	Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
Categories	Political, Economic and Strategic Sciences
Year	2026
Type of Article	Original Beginner
Difficulty Level	Beginner

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 06:21, 1 September 2026

Summary
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GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING ARTICLES FOR SUBMISSION TO PRAVĀHA

Title & Abstract:

Do not include the article title & abstract in your main article document. The title and abstract should be entered separately during the submission process and will automatically be fetched in the preview or the published file.

Your article file should begin directly with the main content.

Article Text:

Pravāha automatically converts properly structured submissions into a wiki-style format. A well-structured article helps ensure smooth review, publication, discoverability, and integration within the repository.

Below are some points that will help you structure your article better:

Article Format

The article should be in Microsoft Word (.docx) format. PDF files should not be uploaded as the primary article document to ensure smooth file conversion to Wiki.

Use proper heading styles

Use Word Heading Styles wherever possible.

Heading 1 – Main Section

Heading 2 – Sub-section

Heading 3 – Sub-sub-section

Example:

Heading 1 → Indian Astronomy

Heading 2 → Major Contributions

Heading 3 → Aryabhata

Avoid:

✘ Manually formatting the headings, instead, use the default formatting option

✘ Using inconsistent heading formats

Write clean paragraphs

✔ Use simple paragraphs with default spacing

✔ Keep formatting consistent

Avoid:

✘ Multiple blank lines

✘ Extra spaces between words

✘ Using tabs for alignment

✘ Decorative formatting

IMPORTANT: Creating Collapsible Sections in your article

These guidelines are based on the provided Pandoc-ready template. The template uses the exact prefix [COLLAPSE] on Heading 1 to mark sections that should become collapsible after Pandoc conversion to MediaWiki.

A. Creating a Collapsible Section

Create a Heading 1

Prefix the heading text with the exact string: [COLLAPSE]

Example: [COLLAPSE] Historical Background

Everything until the next Heading 1 belongs to the collapsible block.

Heading 2, Heading 3, paragraphs, lists, tables, and images inside this block will collapse together

Use bullet and numbered lists

Use standard Word lists whenever possible.

Bullet List Example:

• Feature 1

• Feature 2

• Feature 3

Numbered List Example:

Step One

Step Two

Step Three

Avoid manually creating lists using spaces or symbols.

Tables

✔ Use simple tables

✔ Clearly label rows and columns

✔ Keep tables readable

Avoid:

✘ Merged cells wherever possible

✘ Excessively complex table structures

IMPORATNAT: Images and illustrations

If you would like a cover image, audio file, or video to appear prominently within top right corner of your article (Wiki format), upload it through the "Upload Submission" section. For any additional images, figures, tables or multimedia content, we recommend inserting the file within the Word document using the “Insert” button such that you can place the file at your desired location within the word (.docx) document.

You may include:

✔ Images created by you

✔ Public domain images

✔ Appropriately licensed images or images for which you have obtained permission

Important: Do not use copyrighted images without permission, even if the source is cited. For every image, provide: Caption, Source, Credit

References and sources

All factual information should be supported by reliable sources.

Preferred Sources could be books, publications from academic or recognised journals, institutional reports, primary texts and reputable websites and digital archives – as applicable.

Avoid:

✘ Unsourced claims

✘ Promotional material

✘ Unverified websites

Ensure that references are cited consistently throughout the article.

Originality and attribution

All submissions should represent the author’s original work. When drawing upon existing sources:

✔ Cite the source appropriately

✔ Acknowledge translations where applicable

✔ Credit images, tables, and third-party content

Avoid:

✘ Copying text directly without attribution

✘ Close paraphrasing without citation

✘ Using copyrighted material without permission

All submissions may be screened for plagiarism. Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā reserves the right to decline publication of submissions containing plagiarised content or improperly attributed material.

9. Connecting knowledge

Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā is designed as an interconnected, wiki-style knowledge repository. When relevant, mention important concepts, texts, authors, places, traditions, and historical figures that may be explored through related articles on the repository.

Example:

Āyuraveda → Caraka → Suśruta → Rasāyana

Submission Checklist

✔ Save the file in DOCX format

✔ Review formatting and references

✔ Check the COLLAPSE syntax properly

✔ Ensure all images are credited

✔ Verify that the title and abstract are not included in the article file

These guidelines are based on the provided Pandoc-ready template. The template uses the exact prefix [COLLAPSE] on Heading 1 to mark sections that should become collapsible after Pandoc conversion to MediaWiki.

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-[[File:BJS_9_F706_6a9669b754559.jpeg|center|285px]]
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-As Prathama Pūjya, Gaṇapati is the first to be worshipped and the most revered deity of Sanātana Dharma. His many epithets include Gaṇeśa, Vināyaka, and Vighneśvara, among several others worldwide. His name Gaṇapati means ‘Lord of All Gaṇas,’ while the name Gajānana unravels his iconography of an elephant-faced deity.
+GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING ARTICLES FOR SUBMISSION TO PRAVĀHA
-<span id="epithets-of-gaṇapati"></span>
+'''Title &amp; Abstract:'''
-= Epithets of Gaṇapati =
+Do not include the article title &amp; abstract in your main article document. The title and abstract should be entered separately during the submission process and will automatically be fetched in the preview or the published file.
-Gaṇapati is most commonly worshipped as Vighnarāja or ‘Lord of Obstacles,’ as he fulfills his duty to facilitate the devas and hinder the asuras in yajña, sacrifices, or virtuous acts to gain boons.
+Your article file should begin directly with the main content.
-'''''Vināyako Vighnarājo Dvaimāturagaṇādhipaḥ ।'''''
+'''Article Text:'''
-'''विनायको विघ्नराजो द्वैमातुरगणाधिपः ।'''
+Pravāha automatically converts properly structured submissions into a wiki-style format. A well-structured article helps ensure smooth review, publication, discoverability, and integration within the repository.
-'''''Apyekadanto Herambo Lambodaragajānanaḥ ॥ (Amarakośa 1.1.40–41) ॥'''''
+Below are some points that will help you structure your article better:
-'''अप्येकदन्तो हेरम्बो लम्बोदरगजाननः ॥ अमरकोशः । स्वर्गादिकाण्डः १.१.४०–४१ ॥'''
-विनायक, विघ्नराज, द्वैमातुर, गणाधिप, एकदन्त, हेरम्ब, लम्बोदर तथा गजानन - ये सभी भगवान् गणेश के नाम हैं।
+# Article Format
-Vināyaka, Vighnarāja, Dvaimātura, Gaṇādhipa, Ekadanta, Heramba, Lambodara, and Gajānana are the epithets of Gaṇapati listed in the Amarakośa. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up <u>[1]</u>]
+The article should be in Microsoft Word (.docx) format. PDF files should not be uploaded as the primary article document to ensure smooth file conversion to Wiki.
-While the Amarakośa lists his many names, each epithet and iconography of Gaṇapati encodes metaphysical, cosmological, and philosophical meanings that are central to Indic thought. The Nārada Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up <u>[2]</u>] praises him in the following verse:
+<ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
-'''''Praṇamya śirasā devaṁ gaurīputraṁ vināyakam ।'''''
+<li><p>Use proper heading styles</p></li></ol>
-'''प्रणम्य शिरसा देवं गौरीपुत्रं विनायकम् ।'''
+Use Word Heading Styles wherever possible.
-'''''Bhaktāvāsaṁ smarennityaṁ āyuḥkāmārthasiddhaye ॥ (Narada Purana, Purvabhaga 1.17.1)'''''
+Heading 1 – Main Section<br />
-'''भक्तावासं स्मरेन्नित्यं आयुःकामार्थसिद्धये ॥(नारद पुराण, पूर्वभाग १.१७.१)'''
+Heading 2 – Sub-section<br />
-भगवन विनायक, जो माता गौरी के पुत्र हैं, उन्हें प्रति दिन नमन करने से दीर्घायु, इच्छापूर्ति, और समृद्धि का आशीर्वाद मिलता है। [https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up <u>[3]</u>]
+Heading 3 – Sub-sub-section
-A bhakta (devotee) should bow their head daily before Vināyaka, the son of Devī Gaurī, to attain the boon of longevity, fulfillment of desires, and prosperity. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up <u>[4]</u>]
+Example:
-<span id="iconography-of-ganapati"></span>
+Heading 1 → Indian Astronomy
-= Iconography of Ganapati =
+Heading 2 → Major Contributions
-Gaṇapati’s iconographical traits are a crystallization of numerous paurāṇika revelations or verses. Each version has specific attributes and qualities, designed to invoke a different image in the minds of a devotee. Occasionally, Gaṇapati’s similarity and synonymity with other vaidika devatas is visible through his iconographical depictions. When represented holding a goad, thunderbolt, and lotus, he is equated to Indra; adorned with the crescent moon, snake as yajñopavīta, and tiger-skin garment, he is equated with Rudra; holding the axe, he is equated with Brahmaṇaspati; and carrying the pāśa or noose, he is equated with Varuṇa.
+Heading 3 → Aryabhata
-Usually represented in a seated position, Vighneśvara adopts the padmāsana or the lalitāsana/ mahārājalīla (royal ease) pose. However, he may be depicted riding his vāhana of a mouse or the vāhana of a lion when represented as Heramba Gaṇapati. If depicted in a standing pose, he is depicted in dvibhaṅga (two bends) or tribhaṅga (three bends) form, but sometimes he is also shown to be in the straight samabhaṅga pose.
+Avoid:
-In Javanese iconography, Gaṇapati’s legs are bent before him while the soles of his feet touch. However, the feet do not resemble those of an elephant or a human. While usually depicted with a single head or in the pañcamukhī form, Japanese representations of Gaṇapati can sometimes have three heads, but some Nepalese representations depict him with four heads. The icons of Vighneśvara are depicted with only two eyes, except in the āgamas, where he is shown in his three-eyed form. His iconography may ascribe to him four, six, eight, ten, or sixteen arms; however, in most cases, his sculptures have only four arms.
+✘ Manually formatting the headings, instead, use the default formatting option<br />
-The Mudgala Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up <u>[5]</u>] talks of 32 forms of Gaṇapati. His Bāla Gaṇapati form represents him as a child with a garland of tender flowers adorning him, holding a plantain, mango, jackfruit, sugarcane, and modaka (Indian sweets), effulgent and red in color like the rising sun. Bhakti Gaṇapati is decorated in white in color to shine like the autumn moon with the adornments of coconut, mango, plantain, jaggery, and sweets in his hands. Lakṣmī Gaṇapati, Ucchiṣṭa Gaṇapati, and Mahā Gaṇapati are three rare forms of Ganeśa that carry the pomegranate, which is considered an emblem of fertility and abundance.
+✘ Using inconsistent heading formats
-Paurāṇika scriptures mention some features of Gaṇapati that do not have iconographical description, like amoda (delightful), bhaktavatsala (dear to the devotees), dhīra (valiant), kāmitārthapradā (who grants objects of desire), vidyādhāra (god of learning), etc. The iconography of Gaṇapati operates across ādhibhautika, ādhidaivika, and ādhyātmika planes. His elephant head ascribes the qualities of wisdom and expansive cognition; the broken tusk Ekadanta form signifies sacrifice, his potbellied form of Lambodara reflects the containment of manifested existence within the divine consciousness. Iconographic representation of Gaṇapati usually highlights sixteen characteristics: kharva (dwarfed in height), mahākāya (rotund in body), gūḍhagulpha (with hidden ankles), lambodara (pot-bellied), vikaṭa (unappealing in appearance), vakratuṇḍa (curve-trunked), gajamukha (elephant-faced), khalvāṭa (bald-headed), śurpakarṇa (with large winnow-like ears), hrasvanetra (small-eyed), śyāmadanta (black-toothed), dhūmravarṇa (smokey gray in color), carvaṇalālasa (fond of eating), digambara (sky-clad), kamaṇḍaludhāra (holding a pot of water), and vibhum (all pervading).
+<ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
-<span id="symbolism-of-gaṇapati"></span>
+<li><p>Write clean paragraphs</p></li></ol>
-= Symbolism of Gaṇapati =
+✔ Use simple paragraphs with default spacing<br />
-'''''Gaṇānāṁ tvā gaṇapatiṁ havāmahe kaviṁ kavīnāmupamaśravastamam ।'''''
+✔ Keep formatting consistent
-'''गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनामुपमश्रवस्तमम् ।'''
+Avoid:
-'''''yeṣṭharājam brahmaṇām brahmaṇas pata ā naḥ śṛṇvannūtibhiḥ sīda sādanam॥'''''
+✘ Multiple blank lines<br />
-'''''ज्येष्ठराजं ब्रह्मणां ब्रह्मणस्पत आ नः शृण्वन्नूतिभिः सीद सादनम् ॥ (Ṛgveda - 2.23.1)'''''
+✘ Extra spaces between words<br />
-हे ब्रह्मणस्पति! आप गणों के गणपति भी हैं और कवियों में श्रेष्ठ कवि भी हैं। आप अनुपमेय, श्रेष्ठ, और तेजस्वी मंत्रों के स्वामी हैं; हमारी प्रार्थना स्वीकार करें और हमें रक्षा प्रदान कर हम लोगों के सादनम् के में स्थान ग्रहण करें।[https://archive.org/details/RigvedInHindi/page/n321/mode/2up <u>[6]</u>]
+✘ Using tabs for alignment<br />
-We invoke the Brahmaṇaspati, the chief of the living things! O, sage of sage! O, lord of prayer and mantra; hearing our invocations, protect us and take a seat within this chamber of sacrifice. [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc831301.html <u>[7]</u>]
+✘ Decorative formatting
-Verses in the Ṛgveda and Aitareya Brāhmaṇa invoke Gaṇapati as Brahmānaspati or Bṛhaspati, ‘The Creator of the World’. This is the primary cause of Gaṇapati being attributed with the quality of wisdom. The name Gaṇapati implies ‘Lord of Gaṇas’ (living groups); it is similar to the verse of the Ṛgveda that calls Bṛhaspati or Brahmānaspati as the lord or leader of a group. Bṛhaspati of the Ṛgveda and Gaṇapati of the other texts are continually addressed as remover of obstacles, repeller of revilers, cleaver of the clouds of ignorance, protector, defender, guide, etc. Bṛhaspati also shares his Ṛgveda name of Jyeṣṭharāja or elder prince with Gaṇeśa. Therefore, to many, the iconography of Gaṇapati attains the qualities that represent Bṛhaspati.
+IMPORTANT: Creating Collapsible Sections in your article
-However, veda-bhāṣyakāras or commentators do not find a reference to Gaṇeśa in the hymns of Ṛgveda. Instead, they interpret the verses to equate Gaṇapati with Indra (as Lord of All Creatures), Rudra (as Lord of Beasts), etc. The Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā of the Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda is another text that equates Gaṇapati with Rudra. The text ascribes Rudra with features like karāṭa (one having the ears of an elephant), hastimukha (elephant-faced), and dantin (one with tusks). The broken tusk, a citron, wood-apple (jambū), a stylus that alludes to his role as a scribe to Vyāsa for the Mahābhārata, a bowl of sweets, and a modaka are a few symbols that are unique to Gaṇeśa. In tāntrika iconography, Gaṇapati symbols are common to tantra practices like the citron or jambu in his hands, a pot of gems or ratnakuṁbha, a blue water lily, etc.
+These guidelines are based on the provided Pandoc-ready template. '''The template uses the exact prefix [COLLAPSE]''' on Heading 1 to mark sections that should become collapsible after Pandoc conversion to MediaWiki.
-Ananda Coomaraswamy observes that Indic symbols are not arbitrary flights of fancy; they are perceptible manifestations of the divine. Hence, the representation of Gaṇapati changes across sects and regions; and each iconography allows humans to interpret and relate with the deity through symbolic representation and artistic depiction. The image and the symbolic representation help transform the metaphysical principles of divinity into an accessible visual language for the devotees. Whether invoked through ritual/mantra or studies through iconographic forms, Gaṇpati remains an embodiment of wisdom, restraint, order, and prosperity within Bhārata.
+A. '''Creating a Collapsible Section'''
-<span id="references"></span>
-= References: =
+* Create a Heading 1
+* Prefix the heading text with the exact string: [COLLAPSE]
-*Source Article: Chodavarapu, S. P. (2026, February 12). Iconography and Symbolism of Gaṇapati. Brhat. [https://www.brhat.in/dhiti/iconographyofganapati <u>https://www.brhat.in/dhiti/iconographyofganapati</u>]
+* Example: [COLLAPSE] Historical Background
-[1] Shastri, A. R. (1964). Amarakosha with Hindi translation [Amarakośa 1.1.40–41]. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up <u>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up</u>]
+* Everything until the next Heading 1 belongs to the collapsible block.
-[2] Brahma Vaivarta Purana (p. 407). (2018). Gita Press, Gorakhpur. [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up <u>https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up</u>]
+* Heading 2, Heading 3, paragraphs, lists, tables, and images inside this block will collapse together
-[3] Sankshipta Narada Purana [Abridged Narada Purana]. (2020). Gita Press Gorakhpur. (Original work published 1950). [https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up <u>https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up</u>]
+<ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
-[4] Tagare, G. V. (Trans.). (1952). The Nārada-Purāṇa, Part III (J. L. Shastri, Ed.; Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, Vol. 17). Motilal Banarsidass. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up <u>https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up</u>]
+<li><p>Use bullet and numbered lists</p></li></ol>
-[5] Mudgala Purana Sanskrit (Vol. 4, Gajananacharitam, Adhyaya 6, Chandradoṣaharaṇacharita, p. 12). (1976, October). Mudgala Purana Prakashana Mandala in collaboration with Nirnaya Sagara Press. [https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up <u>https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up</u>]
+Use standard Word lists whenever possible.
-[6] Sanatan. (n.d.). Rigved - ऋग्वेद संहिता हिंदी [Rigved - Rigveda Samhita Hindi]. [https://archive.org/details/RigvedInHindi/page/n321/mode/2up <u>https://archive.org/details/RigvedInHindi/page/n321/mode/2up</u>]
+Bullet List Example:
-[7] Wilson, H. H. (1866). ''Rig Veda (translation and commentary)''. WisdomLib. [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc831301.html <u>https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc831301.html</u>]
+• Feature 1<br />
+• Feature 2<br />
+• Feature 3
+Numbered List Example:
+# Step One
+# Step Two
+# Step Three
+Avoid manually creating lists using spaces or symbols.
+<ol start="5" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<li><p>Tables</p></li></ol>
+✔ Use simple tables
+✔ Clearly label rows and columns
+✔ Keep tables readable
+Avoid:
+✘ Merged cells wherever possible<br />
+✘ Excessively complex table structures
+<ol start="6" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<li><p>IMPORATNAT: Images and illustrations</p></li></ol>
+If you would like a cover image, audio file, or video to appear prominently within top right corner of your article (Wiki format), upload it through the &quot;Upload Submission&quot; section. For any additional images, figures, tables or multimedia content, we recommend inserting the file within the Word document using the “Insert” button such that you can place the file at your desired location within the word (.docx) document.
+You may include:
+✔ Images created by you
+✔ Public domain images
+✔ Appropriately licensed images or images for which you have obtained permission
+Important: Do not use copyrighted images without permission, even if the source is cited. For every image, provide: Caption, Source, Credit
+<ol start="7" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<li><p>References and sources</p></li></ol>
+All factual information should be supported by reliable sources.
+Preferred Sources could be books, publications from academic or recognised journals, institutional reports, primary texts and reputable websites and digital archives – as applicable.
+Avoid:
+✘ Unsourced claims
+✘ Promotional material
+✘ Unverified websites
+Ensure that references are cited consistently throughout the article.
+<ol start="8" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<li>Originality and attribution</li></ol>
+All submissions should represent the author’s original work. When drawing upon existing sources:
+✔ Cite the source appropriately
+✔ Acknowledge translations where applicable
+✔ Credit images, tables, and third-party content
+Avoid:
+✘ Copying text directly without attribution
+✘ Close paraphrasing without citation
+✘ Using copyrighted material without permission
+All submissions may be screened for plagiarism. Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā reserves the right to decline publication of submissions containing plagiarised content or improperly attributed material.
+. Connecting knowledge
+Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā is designed as an interconnected, wiki-style knowledge repository. When relevant, mention important concepts, texts, authors, places, traditions, and historical figures that may be explored through related articles on the repository.
+Example:
+Āyuraveda → Caraka → Suśruta → Rasāyana
+<ol start="10" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
+<li><p>Submission Checklist</p></li></ol>
+✔ Save the file in DOCX format<br />
+✔ Review formatting and references
+✔ Check the COLLAPSE syntax properly<br />
+✔ Ensure all images are credited<br />
+✔ Verify that the title and abstract are not included in the article file
+These guidelines are based on the provided Pandoc-ready template. The template uses the exact prefix [COLLAPSE] on Heading 1 to mark sections that should become collapsible after Pandoc conversion to MediaWiki.

Test3: Difference between revisions

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