Editing Demo Video

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{| id="pravaha-abstract" role="region" aria-label="Summary" class="bjs-abstract-panel" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #d6a9bc; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:0; background:#fff7fa; color:#202122;"
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! class="bjs-abstract-heading" style="padding:8px 12px; background:#efcddd; color:#202122; text-align:left; font-size:1.15em; font-weight:700;" | <span class="bjs-abstract-controls"><span class="bjs-abstract-open">[[#pravaha-abstract|+]]</span><span class="bjs-abstract-close">[[#mw-content-text|-]]</span><span>Summary</span></span>
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| style="padding:14px 16px; background:#fff7fa; text-align:left; line-height:1.65; overflow-wrap:anywhere;" | <div class="bjs-abstract-preview">This demonstration study presents a fictional analysis of digital tools used in academic workflows. It illustrates how researchers can organize…</div><div class="bjs-abstract-full">This demonstration study presents a fictional analysis of digital tools used in academic workflows. It illustrates how researchers can organize information, prepare manuscripts, and submit their work through an online journal platform. A simulated dataset of 100 responses was used to demonstrate descriptive analysis and the presentation of results. The fictional findings suggest that structured digital workflows may improve task completion and ease of use. This abstract is intended solely for a tutorial video demonstrating manuscript submission. It does not report actual research, participant data, or validated findings.</div>
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The name Gaṇapati means ‘Lord of all Gaṇas’ or ‘Lord of All Living Beings’. As one of the most revered deities of Sanātana Dharma, Gaṇapati is also known by names like Gaṇeśa, Vināyaka, and Vighneśvara across the world. This elephant-faced younger son of Devī Pārvati and Bhagavān Śiva is also hailed as the Vighnarāja or ‘Lord of Obstacles’.

However, Gaṇapati thought long and hard, then performed a circumambulation around Devī Gaurī and Bhagavān Śiva, stating that ‘his’ entire world comprised his parents, and so a parikramā of them met the terms of the competition. Bhagavān Śiva and Devī Gaurī accepted his indisputable logic and devotion towards them. Hence, they granted him not only victory, supremacy, or the right to get married first, but also the right to be worshipped first. This paurāṇika tale explains why Gaṇapati’s image often appears in temples, homes, gateways, and other places of importance.

Epithets of Gaṇapati

Gaṇapati is most commonly worshipped as Vighnarāja or ‘Lord of Obstacles,’ as he fulfills his duty to facilitate the devas and hinder the asuras in yajña, sacrifices, or virtuous acts to gain boons.

'''Gravity dam'''

''Main article: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_dam Gravity dam]''

'''Gravity dams'''

[[File:BJS_36_image1.png|200x141px|A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical gravity dam.]]

A typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_dam gravity dam] has a nearly vertical upstream face, and a broad base.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnitter1994170%E2%80%93172-34 [28]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-35 [g]]</sup>

[[File:BJS_36_image2.jpeg|200x113px|A massive concrete dam with a reservoir behind it.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Dixence_Dam Grande Dixence Dam] in Switzerland is one of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams world's tallest gravity dams]. The people atop the dam's crest illustrate its size.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Grande_Dixence_Fact_Sheet%22,_''Grande_Dixence_SA''-36 <sup>[29]</sup>]

Gravity dams rely on their weight to resist the force of upstream water. Historically, gravity dams were built of masonry – stone, brick, or rubble – held together by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry) mortar], but nearly all modern examples are made of concrete.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-37 [30]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-39 [h]]</sup> The cost of concrete is much higher than earthfill used in embankment dams, so gravity dams are generally more expensive. An approach to reduce cost is to incorporate hollow chambers inside the dam – provided the dam's stability and strength are not compromised.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-40 [32]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-galleries-42 [i]]</sup> Notable gravity dams include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Dixence_Dam Grande Dixence Dam] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam Grand Coulee Dam].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-43 <sup>[34]</sup>]

The crest (top) of a gravity dam is generally a straight line stretching between the walls of the valley it crosses. When the crest is curved (the convex side of the curve always faces upstream) it is called an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch-gravity_dam arch-gravity dam] (discussed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#Composite below]).<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-gravDamStraight-44 [35]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-46 [j]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-archThickness-47 [k]]</sup> The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry) cross-section] of gravity dams is roughly triangular, with a flat bottom resting on the valley floor, and two inclined faces (upstream and downstream) that meet at the crest.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-49 <sup>[l]</sup>] To ensure that the dam is stable and will not tip over, the profile must conform to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-third_rule middle-third rule], which states that the forces acting on the dam (gravity, water pressure, etc.) must produce a net force that is directed at the middle portion of the base (rather than directed near the downstream edge of the base).[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqui2009148,_151%E2%80%93152-50 <sup>[38]</sup>] The thickness and inclination of a gravity dam must also be carefully designed to ensure stability. For non-overflow gravity dams, the thickness of the base should be about 70 to 85% of the height.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-51 [39]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-thick-52 [m]]</sup> The inclination (steepness, measured as run/rise) of the downstream face is typically 0.75 to 0.8, and inclination of the upstream face should be vertical or at most 0.05.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-53 [40]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-inclination-55 [n]]</sup>

Because gravity dams are so heavy, they must rest on bedrock; a gravity dam built over soil would compress the soil, cause the dam to settle, and perhaps crack and fail.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-57 <sup>[o]</sup>] If the bedrock has cracks or defects, it must be prepared by injecting grout or placing concrete plugs.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-58 <sup>[43]</sup>] A concern that designers must address is &quot;uplift&quot;: if water seeps under the dam structure, the water pressure can apply extreme upward force on the dam structure, which may lead to leaks or even dam failure. This risk can be mitigated with the use of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grout_curtain grout curtains] under the dam (which prevent water from seeping under the dam) and drainage systems under the dam, which lead water away when pressure increases.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-59 <sup>[44]</sup>]

'''Buttress dam'''

''Main article: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress_dam Buttress dam]''

'''Buttress dams'''

[[File:BJS_36_image3.png|200x141px|A diagram showing the cross-section of a typical buttress dam.]]

A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress_dam buttress dam] has an inclined upstream face supported by multiple buttresses.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-Buttress-60 <sup>[45]</sup>]

[[File:BJS_36_image4.jpeg|200x133px|A huge concrete dam with trees at its base.]]

About 20 buttresses are visible in this photo of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latyan_Dam Latyan buttress dam] in Iran.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1968353-61 <sup>[46]</sup>]

A buttress dam consists of an inclined upstream face supported on the downstream side by numerous triangular [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress buttresses].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-63 <sup>[p]</sup>] Most buttress dams are made of concrete.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-64 <sup>[48]</sup>] Unlike a gravity dam (where the upstream face is nearly vertical) the upstream face of a buttress dam is sloped, typically with an inclination between 0.2 and 1.67.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-Buttress-60 [45]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-inclination-55 [n]]</sup> The inclination of the downstream face typically ranges from 0.09 to 0.8.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-Buttress-60 [45]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-inclination-55 [n]]</sup> The triangular profile of the reservoir's water pushes downward onto the dam, forcing it into the ground and increasing its stability.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-Buttress-60 <sup>[45]</sup>] Notable buttress dams include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Dam Itaipu Dam], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_di_Lucendro Lucendro Dam], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Massira_Dam Al Massira Dam].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-65 <sup>[49]</sup>]

Buttress dams use much less concrete than comparable gravity dams, but the cost savings are offset by a more complex construction process.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-67 <sup>[q]</sup>] Buttress dams are not as strong as gravity dams, and are suited only for lower heights. Because buttress dams have a much smaller footprint (the area of ground the dam structure rests upon) than gravity dams, the risks associated with uplift forces (from water beneath the dam) are lower in buttress dams.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-68 <sup>[51]</sup>]

The individual buttresses may experience slight movements relative to each other. If the upstream face of the dam were a solid piece of concrete, the movements of the buttresses could introduce large stresses, resulting in cracking of the upstream dam face. To mitigate this, the upstream face is divided into multiple pieces, one per buttress, called the &quot;buttress heads&quot;. Adjacent buttress heads are typically separated by a gap, and the gaps are filled with flexible seals.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-GapSeal-69 <sup>[52]</sup>]

'''Arch dam'''

''Main article: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_dam Arch dam]''

'''Arch dams'''

[[File:BJS_36_image5.png|200x184px|A diagram, in plan view, of a typical arch dam.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_dam Arch dams] transmit the weight of impounded water into the valley walls.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-ArchCurve-70 [53]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-abut-71 [r]]</sup>

[[File:BJS_36_image6.jpeg|200x150px|A thin, curved, concrete dam, impounding a large reservoir.]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Dam This arch dam] in Tasmania is curved in both the vertical and horizontal directions.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Gordon_Dam%22,_''Engineers_Australia''-72 <sup>[54]</sup>]

An arch dam is a curved concrete structure that transfers the force of the impounded water horizontally into the valley walls. This design differs from gravity or buttress dams, which transfer the force downward into the foundation.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-ArchCurve-70 <sup>[53]</sup>] Arch dams are relatively thin: the thickness of their base is less than half their height,[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-archThickness-47 <sup>[k]</sup>] and they are made of masonry or concrete.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-ArchConcrete-74 <sup>[56]</sup>] The central angle subtended by an arch dam can be relatively shallow or nearly semicircular, ranging from 46 to 140 degrees.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-75 [57]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-77 [s]]</sup> Notable arch dams include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_l'Hongrin Hongrin Dam], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming_Gorge_Dam Flaming Gorge Dam], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiry_Dam Moiry Dam], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Dam Contra Dam].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-78 <sup>[59]</sup>]

All arch dams are curved, but there are a variety of shapes they may assume. Most older arch dams used a &quot;constant radius&quot; shape, which resembles a section of a vertical cylinder.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-79 [60]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-80 [t]]</sup> A more complex shape is the &quot;constant angle&quot; shape, which gradually reduces radius from the crest to the base.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-82 <sup>[u]</sup>] Research into optimizing dam shapes for maximum strength led dam engineers to adopt the constant angle shape for many arch dams, beginning in 1914.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-ConstAngle-81 <sup>[61]</sup>] Another shape is &quot;double curved&quot;, which resembles a section of a dome and is defined by incorporating curvature in the vertical – as well as horizontal – direction.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-83 <sup>[62]</sup>]

Regardless of the shape of an arch dam's curvature, the arch must transfer the weight of the reservoir water into the valley walls. Arch dams can only be built in narrow valleys with strong, steep, rock walls that can withstand tremendous forces. In some dams, concrete [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutment abutments] must be constructed between the arch and the valley walls to safely transfer the load.<sup>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-StrongWall-84 [63]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#cite_note-abut-71 [r]]</sup>

'''''Vināyako Vighnarājo Dvaimāturagaṇādhipaḥ ।'''''

'''विनायको विघ्नराजो द्वैमातुरगणाधिपः ।'''

'''''Apyekadanto Herambo Lambodaragajānanaḥ ॥ (Amarakośa 1.1.40–41) ॥'''''

'''अप्येकदन्तो हेरम्बो लम्बोदरगजाननः ॥ अमरकोशः । स्वर्गादिकाण्डः १.१.४०–४१ ॥'''

विनायक, विघ्नराज, द्वैमातुर, गणाधिप, एकदन्त, हेरम्ब, लम्बोदर तथा गजानन - ये सभी भगवान् गणेश के नाम हैं।

Vināyaka, Vighnarāja, Dvaimātura, Gaṇādhipa, Ekadanta, Heramba, Lambodara, and Gajānana are the epithets of Gaṇapati listed in the Amarakośa. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up [1]]

While the Amarakośa lists his many names, each epithet and iconography of Gaṇapati encodes metaphysical, cosmological, and philosophical meanings that are central to Indic thought. The Nārada Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up [2]] praises him in the following verse:

'''''Praṇamya śirasā devaṁ gaurīputraṁ vināyakam ।'''''

'''प्रणम्य शिरसा देवं गौरीपुत्रं विनायकम् ।'''

'''Sources for studying Ganapati iconography'''

For an '''Indian Knowledge Systems / Bharatiya Jnana Sarita''' context, it is useful to distinguish three layers:


# '''Śilpaśāstra and Āgama texts''' — prescriptions concerning proportions, posture, attributes and ritual representation.

# '''Purāṇic and other textual traditions''' — narratives and theological interpretations associated with different forms.

# '''Material and regional traditions''' — sculptures, bronzes, paintings and temple images showing how these prescriptions were interpreted in different periods and regions.

<blockquote>Elephant Head

A long time ago on Mount Kailash, Parvati was alone in the home she shared with her husband, Shiva. Using her divine powers, she created Ganesh to keep her company while Shiva was away. One day she asked Ganesh to guard her door and not let anyone in while she bathed. As Ganesh stood guard, Shiva returned. Enraged upon being prevented from seeing his wife by a strange young boy, the quick-tempered Shiva beheaded Ganesh and his head flew far into the distance. Parvati was drawn out by the commotion and was understandably distraught on finding her child’s lifeless body on the floor. To appease his wife, Shiva found the first head he could and revived Ganesh. As a gesture of thanks for Ganesh’s bravery and loyalty, Shiva granted Ganesh with the gift of being worshipped first, before any other gods.

</blockquote>

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<div class="pravaha-collapse-title"><span class="pravaha-collapse-open">[[#pravaha-collapse-1|+]]</span><span class="pravaha-collapse-close">[[#mw-content-text|-]]</span><span>Ganesh Symbols</span></div>
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<blockquote>A plate of sweets at Ganesh’s feet symbolizes power and material wealth. He is often accompanied by his animal vehicle or ''vahana'', a rat or mouse. On some rare occasions, Ganesh is shown with 5 heads. The seated Ganesh is preferred in homes where calm energy is usually sought, while businesses and workplaces may choose a standing or dancing rendition of Ganesh to invoke enthusiasm and vigor.

Ganesha is a popular figure in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_art Indian art].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-41 <sup>[41]</sup>] Unlike those of some deities, representations of Ganesha show wide variations and distinct patterns changing over time.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-42 <sup>[42]</sup>] He may be portrayed standing, dancing, heroically taking action against demons, playing with his family as a boy, sitting down on an elevated seat, or engaging in a range of contemporary situations.

Ganesha images were prevalent in many parts of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India] by the 6th century.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-43 <sup>[43]</sup>] The 13th-century statue pictured is typical of Ganesha statuary from 900 to 1200, after Ganesha had been well-established as an independent deity with his own sect. This example features some of Ganesha's common iconographic elements. A virtually identical statue has been dated between 973 and 1200 by Paul Martin-Dubost,[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-44 <sup>[44]</sup>] and another similar statue is dated 12th century by Pratapaditya Pal.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-45 <sup>[45]</sup>] Ganesha has the head of an elephant and a big belly. This statue has four arms, which is common in depictions of Ganesha. He holds his own broken tusk in his lower-right hand and holds a delicacy, which he samples with his trunk, in his lower-left hand. The motif of Ganesha turning his trunk sharply to his left to taste a sweet in his lower-left hand is a particularly archaic feature.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-46 <sup>[46]</sup>] A more primitive statue in one of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora_Caves Ellora Caves] with this general form has been dated to the 7th century.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-47 <sup>[47]</sup>] Details of the other hands are difficult to make out on the statue shown. In the standard configuration, Ganesha typically holds an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashu axe] or a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankus goad] in one upper arm and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_(Hinduism) pasha] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noose noose]) in the other upper arm. In rare instances, he may be depicted with a human head.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-51 <sup>[note 1]</sup>]

The influence of this old constellation of iconographic elements can still be seen in contemporary representations of Ganesha. In one modern form, the only variation from these old elements is that the lower-right hand does not hold the broken tusk but is turned towards the viewer in a gesture of protection or fearlessness (Abhaya [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudra mudra]).[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-52 <sup>[51]</sup>] The same combination of four arms and attributes occurs in statues of Ganesha dancing, which is a very popular theme.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#cite_note-53 <sup>[52]</sup>]

</blockquote>


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